ORIGINAL ARTICLE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING TEST IN MARATHI (PPT-M) FOR YOUNG ADULTS
 
 
 
More details
Hide details
1
School of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
 
 
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article;
 
 
Submission date: 2022-06-13
 
 
Final revision date: 2023-06-19
 
 
Acceptance date: 2023-06-21
 
 
Online publication date: 2023-07-08
 
 
Publication date: 2023-07-08
 
 
Corresponding author
Aashral Virendra Surana   

School of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Katraj, 411043, Pune, India
 
 
J Hear Sci 2023;13(2):49-56
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Central auditory processing and phonological processing are interconnected as they both involve successful intertwining of auditory, cognitive, and language mechanisms. A deficit in the ability to process spoken language can result in CAPD. The aim of this study was to develop a test (PPT-M) to evaluate the level of phonological processing among young Marathi-speaking adults. A second aim was to investigate the difference in the phonological processing of words and non-words.

Material and methods:
The PPT-M test included three subtests: phonological awareness, phonological working memory, and phonological retrieval. For the awareness and memory tasks, the stimulus was words and non-words, whereas rapid automatised naming (RAN) of digits and letters was used to assess the retrieval task. Data was collected from 40 young adults aged 18 to 25 years. We recorded accuracy and time taken to complete the tasks.

Results:
Results of item analysis suggest that the developed tool has good reliability. No significant gender effect was observed. A stimulus effect was observed for the phonological processing test.

Conclusions:
The Phonological Processing Test in Marathi (PPT-M) has good internal consistency and reliability. Words and non-words are processed differently and the time required to respond to both varies. There were no gender differences. In the phonological awareness test, blending and segmentation tasks required more time to complete and had reduced accuracy.

REFERENCES (55)
1.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (Central) auditory processing disorders. 2005a. Available from: http://www.ak-aw.de/sites/defa... [Accessed 20.06.2023].
 
2.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (Central) auditory processing disorders: the role of audiologist. Position statement. 2005a. Available from: https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/cou... [Accessed 20.06.2023].
 
3.
Tallal P. Improving language and literacy is a matter of time. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2004; 5(9): 721–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn149....
 
4.
Tallal P, Gaab N. Dynamic auditory processing, musical experience and language development. Trends Neurosci, 2006; 29(7): 382–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins....
 
5.
Wagner RK, Torgesen JK. The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychol Bull, 1987; 101(2): 192–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2....
 
6.
Babayiğit S, Stainthorp R. Modeling the relationships between cognitive–linguistic skills and literacy skills: new insights from a transparent orthography. J Educ Psychol, 2011; 103(1): 169–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00216....
 
7.
Näslund JC, Schneider W. Emerging literacy from kindergarten to second grade: evidence from the Munich Longitudinal Study on the Genesis of Individual Competencies. In: Naslund JC, Schneider W, eds. Language Acquisition Problems and Reading Disorders. Berlin: De Gruyter; 1993, p. 295–318. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783... [Accessed: 21.06.2023].
 
8.
Furnes B, Samuelsson S. Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming predicting early development in reading and spelling: results from a cross-linguistic longitudinal study. Learn Individ Differ, 2011; 21(1): 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lind....
 
9.
Nikolopoulos D, Goulandris N, Hulme C, Snowling MJ. The cognitive bases of learning to read and spell in Greek: evidence from a longitudinal study. J Exp Child Psychol, 2006; 94(1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp....
 
10.
Anthony JL, Francis DJ. Development of phonological awareness. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 2005; 14(5): 255–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963....
 
11.
Gillon GT. Phonological Awareness: From research to practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2004.
 
12.
Armbruster BB, Lehr F, Osborn J. A child becomes a reader. Kindergarten through Grade 3. National Institute for Literacy; 2003.
 
13.
Stanovich KE, Cunningham AE, Cramer BB. Assessing phonological awareness in kindergarten children: issues of task comparability. J Exp Child Psychol. 1984; 38(2): 175–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0....
 
14.
Yopp HK. A test for assessing phonemic awareness in young children. Read Teach, 1995; 49(1): 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.49.....
 
15.
Holm A, Dodd B. The effect of first written language on the acquisition of English literacy. Cognition, 1996; 59(2): 119–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0....
 
16.
Wagner RK, Torgesen JK, Rashotte CA, Pearson NA. Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing–Second Edition. PsycTESTS Dataset. 2013.
 
17.
Kilpatrick DA. The Phonological Awareness Screening Test (PAST): an initial report. (2013). Available from: https://cehs.usu.edu/teal/cent... [Accessed 20.06.2023].
 
18.
Waknis AP, Vanaja CS. Relation between phonological awareness and reading in Marathi. Int J English Ed, 2017; 6(3): 1–11.
 
19.
Chintala. Phonological awareness in English in typically developing children with mother tongue Marathi [Master’s dissertation]. Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune; 2014.
 
20.
Martin RC. Components of short-term memory and their relation to language processing. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 2005; 14(4): 204–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963....
 
21.
Schuit M van der, Segers E, van Balkom H, Verhoeven L. How cognitive factors affect language development in children with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil, 2011; 32(5): 1884–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd....
 
22.
Hitch GJ, Baddeley AD. Verbal reasoning and working memory. Q J Exp Psychol, 1976; 28(4): 603–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/146407....
 
23.
Brookshire RH. Effects of task difficulty on naming performance of aphasic subjects. J Speech Hear Res, 1972; 15(3): 551–8. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1....
 
24.
Clark A. Intrinsic content, active memory and the extended mind. Analysis, 2005; 65(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys...
 
25.
Dhrruvakumar S, Yathiraj A. Relation between auditory memory and global memory in young and older adults. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2021; 278: 2577–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405....
 
26.
Sone P, Vanaja CS. Development of Auditory Memory and Sequencing Test for Marathi speaking children. Online J Health Allied Sci, 2018; 17(1): 11. https://www.ojhas.org/issue65/...
 
27.
Alloway TP, Temple KJ. A comparison of working memory skills and learning in children with developmental coordination disorder and moderate learning difficulties. Appl Cogn Psychol, 2007; 21(4): 473–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.12....
 
28.
Kibby MY, Lee SE, Dyer SM. Reading performance is predicted by more than phonological processing. Front Psychol, 2014; 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.....
 
29.
Kail R, Hall LK. Sources of developmental change in children’s word-problem performance. J Educ Psychol, 1999; 91(4): 660–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0....
 
30.
Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ. Automaticity: a new framework for dyslexia research? Cognition, 1990; 35(2): 159–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0....
 
31.
Anthony JL, Williams JM, McDonald R, Corbitt-Shindler D, Carlson CD, Francis DJ. Phonological processing and emergent literacy in Spanish-speaking preschool children. Ann Dyslexia, 2006; 56(2): 239–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881....
 
32.
Anthony JL, Williams JM, McDonald R, Francis DJ. Phonological processing and emergent literacy in younger and older preschool children. Ann Dyslexia, 2007; 57(2): 113–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881....
 
33.
Wolf M, Denckla MB. Rapid Automatized Naming and Rapid Alternating Stimulus Tests. Austin, TX: Pro-ed; 2005.
 
34.
Vaidyanath R, Yathiraj A. Screening Checklist for Auditory Processing in Adults (SCAP-A): development and preliminary findings. J Hear Sci, 2014; 4(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.17430/89078....
 
35.
Roeltgen DP, Sevush S, Heilman KM. Phonological agraphia: writing by the lexical–semantic route. Neurology, 1983; 33(6): 755. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.33....
 
36.
Aitchison J. Words in the Mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Toronto: Wiley; 2012.
 
37.
Brown GDA. Cognitive psychology and second language processing: the role of short-term memory. Adv Psychol, 1992; 83: 105–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-....
 
38.
Maddieson I. Calculating phonological complexity. In: Maddieson I. Approaches to Phonological Complexity. Part 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton; 2009, p. 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/978311....
 
39.
Strain E, Patterson K, Seidenberg MS. Semantic effects in single-word naming. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 1995; 21(5): 1140–54. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-...
 
40.
Hamilton M, Rajaram S. The concreteness effect in implicit and explicit memory tests. J Mem Lang, 2001; 44(1): 96–117. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2....
 
41.
Westbury C, Moroschan G. Imageability x phonology interactions during lexical access: effects of modality, phonological neighbourhood, and phonological processing efficiency. Ment Lex, 2009; 4(1): 115–45. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.1....
 
42.
Westbury CF, Shaoul C, Hollis G, Smithson L, Briesemeister BB, Hofmann MJ, et al. Now you see it, now you don’t: on emotion, context, and the algorithmic prediction of human imageability judgments. Front Psychol, 2013; 4: 991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.....
 
43.
Cowan N, Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Verbal working memory: a view with a room. Am J Psychol, 1995; 108(1): 123–155. https://doi.org/10.2307/142310....
 
44.
Mann VA, Liberman IY. Phonological awareness and verbal short-term memory. J Learn Disabil, 1984; 17(10): 592–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221....
 
45.
Hansen J, Bowey JA. Phonological analysis skills, verbal working memory, and reading ability in second-grade children. Child Dev, 1994; 65(3): 938. https://doi.org/10.2307/113142....
 
46.
Hulin C, Cudeck R, Netemeyer R, Dillon WR, McDonald R, Bearden W. Measurement. J Consum Psychol, 2001; 10(1–2): 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327...
 
47.
Rothou KM, Padeliadu S, Sideridis GD. Predicting early reading in Greek: the contribution of phonological awareness and nonphonological language skills. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 2013; 93: 1504–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsp....
 
48.
Rosal AGC, Cordeiro, AAA, Queiroga BAM. Phonological awareness and phonological development in children of public and private schools. Rev CEFAC, 2013; 15(4): 837–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-....
 
49.
Moura SR, Mezzomo CL, Cielo CA. Phonemic awareness stimulation and its effects regarding the variable gender. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica, 2009; 21(1): 51–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-....
 
50.
Chipere N. Sex differences in phonological awareness and reading ability. Lang Aware, 2013; 23(3): 275–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/096584....
 
51.
Chiat S. The developmental trajectory of nonword repetition. Appl Psycholinguist, 2006; 27(4): 552–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S01427....
 
52.
Tenpenny PL. Abstractionist versus episodic theories of repetition priming and word identification. Psychon Bull Rev, 1995; 2(3): 339–63. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0321....
 
53.
Matthews WJ. Stimulus repetition and the perception of time: the effects of prior exposure on temporal discrimination, judgment, and production. PLoS One, 2011; 6(5): e19815. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
 
54.
Birngruber T, Schröter H, Ulrich R. The influence of stimulus repetition on duration judgments with simple stimuli. Front Psychol, 2015; 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.....
 
55.
De Deyne S, Storms G. Word associations: network and semantic properties. Behav Res Methods, 2008; 40(1): 213–31. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40....
 
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top